Great Britain's Great Decision

Great Britain banned slavery in 1833 because laborers when motivated by salary were working harder than slaves who were motivated by punishment. It wasn't a coincidence that Britain's Industrial Revolution has started right after that time. Slavery wasn't profitable any more.

In the same period, slaves living under Ottoman rule had rights as this: No owner can free a disabled slave as compensation for his (owner's) legal faults. The protection and survival of such a disabled slave was ensured that way.

Philosophy as the father of science

Philosophy was long regarded as the sole method of thought that would explain phenomena, be it imaginary, concrete, celestial, or terrestrial. Aristotle was a biologist, if we look at his work from today's perspective. He was mainly interested in the species that scattered all over the places. His concern was to collect as many different animals and plants as possible, so that he would have been able to talk about them with greater certainty. However, he was also a strong advocate of categorization and in order to categorize what he had collected, he needed to contemplate on what to put in this or that category or on what makes two things different. This contemplation made him a philosopher, as we understand it today.

Clearing up doubts

Humans want to be sure about what they believe in, but those who give their will to another’s hands can never get rid of doubts. Doubts are infections in the heart and the heart needs a constant treatment of Faith conducted by reasoning. Humans are expected to clear up doubts in their hearts with sound arguments.

Multiple Histories of Capital

In his chapter on Marx’s critique on capital, Dipesh Chakrabarti ( Provincializing Europe : Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton 2000) tries to deal with the idea that provincialized Europe has a universal and overarching character. Marx criticized capital on two categories: the abstract human and the idea of history. As historicism assumes that capital arose in Europe out of the Enlightenment rationalism and humanism, it constitutes a unity both in time and space. For Chakrabarti, and Marx, the main reason behind this assumption is the need for a homogenous and common unit for measuring human activity. This measurement will of course be designed to reduce diversity and human belongings into one category called ‘labor’. Abstract labor, therefore, is to destroy differences among workers. Abstract labor is abstracted from any empirical history, it is like a ghost. However, paradoxically, capital is in need of a human, concrete, labor in advance in order

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